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Sudan
Area: 2,505,813 sq km (967,500 sq mi)
Population: (2003) 33.61m
Capital City: Khartoum (City) 2.5 million; Khartoum (State) 7 million (both estimates)
People: Arab (39%), African (52%), Beja (6%), other (3%)
Languages: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English
Religion(s): Islam, Christianity, African Religions
Currency: Dinar
Major political parties: National Congress Party, Popular National Congress, Umma Party, Democratic Unionist Party, Communist Party, Sudan People's Liberation Movement
Government: Presidential Republic
Head of State: Field Marshal Omer Hassan Ahmed al Bashir
First Vice-President and President of Southern Sudan: Lt. Gen Salva Kiir Mayardit
Second Vice President: Ali Osman Mohamed Taha
Foreign Minister: Dr. Lam Akol
Membership of international groups/organisations: African Union (AU), International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD), International Labour Organisation (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Maritime Organisation (IMO), League of Arab States/Arab League (AL), Non Aligned Movement (NAM), Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), United Nations (UN)
GEOGRAPHY
Sudan is the largest country in Africa and is dominated by the Nile and its tributaries. It has borders with Egypt, Libya, Chad, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia and Eritrea. Sudan has over 800km of coastline along its north eastern border, which provides access to the Red Sea. Sudan has a tropical south and arid desert in the north. It is generally flat with mountains in east and west.
HISTORY
Sudan entered the Twentieth Century ruled as an Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, a unique constitutional status dating from 1899. After the First World War Sudanese nationalist sentiment grew drawing inspiration from Egyptian nationalism. However, it was only much later, following the 1952 July Revolution in Egypt, that Sudan gained independence. The 1953 Anglo-Egyptian Agreement provided for a three-year transitional period before self-rule.
A new independent Sudan was born on 1 January 1956, but political infighting and economic incompetence soon extinguished popular optimism. In November 1958, Major-General Ibrahim Abboud led the army to power in a bloodless coup, determined to end the short, flawed rule of the politicians. Six years later faced with popular disillusionment, Abboud's regime collapsed and new parliamentary elections were held in 1965. Once more, parliamentary democracy brought weak, unstable governance and, in 1969, Colonel Jaafar Nimeiri seized power.
Meanwhile, southern Sudan was suffering from escalating conflict between the Government forces and rebels. In 1972 Nimeiri signed a peace agreement with the southern rebels (South Sudan Liberation Movement). During the 1970s, the regime's pledges gradually unravelled and by 1983, when Nimeiri proclaimed the application of Islamic law (Shari'a) throughout the country, southern resistance forces were re-mobilising into what became the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M).
Nimeiri was little more popular in the North, but challenges to his rule were met with bloody purges. Widening anger eventually sparked a military take-over in April 1985 and the following year elections were held. Parliamentary rule was to last less than four years, a period in which five governments were formed, each under the premiership of veteran politician Sadiq al-Mahdi. Peace talks with southerners and the poor state of the economy strengthened dissent.
On 30 June 1989, the army overthrew the democratically elected government of Sadiq al-Mahdi and installed a Revolutionary Command Council, chaired by General Omar al-Bashir. Bashir ruled by decree at the head of the Revolutionary Command Council and banned all political parties except his own National Islamic Front (NIF) (renamed the National Congress Party in 1998). In 1996 Bashir was elected President and a National Assembly was elected in a flawed election which was boycotted by the opposition. Bashir was re-elected (with 86% of the vote) in 2000. Again a number of key opposition parties boycotted the election, claiming it was flawed and unfair.
Recent Overview
This section is divided into the crisis in Darfur, and the situation in Southern Sudan.
Darfur
Despite the signing of the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) by the Government of Sudan and Minni Minawi’s section of the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) on 5 May 2006, conflict, rife since the 1980s, continues in Darfur, western Sudan. It is largely a battle for resources, land, water and grazing rights together with a related struggle for power within the indigenous tribal administration structure.
In late 2002 /early 2003 the conflict reached new heights with the overt involvement of government forces and the establishment of the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM). The SLM fought a guerrilla war against Government, police and security forces achieving considerable success. In return the Government equipped and mobilised groups of Arab militias (known as ‘Janjaweed’) who have become engaged in conflict with the rebels.
As the 2005 report by an International Commission of Inquiry (ICI) set out, the Government of Sudan, the Arab militias and the rebels are all guilty of serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law, which may amount to crimes against humanity and/or war crimes. Estimates suggest that the targeting of civilians has led to the displacement of more than 2 million people. The remoteness of Darfur means there are no reliable figures about how many people have been killed and estimates vary widely.
Darfur Peace Agreement
The African Union-brokered Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA), signed on 5 May 2006 between the Government of Sudan and the Minni Minawi faction of the SLM, is a good deal for Darfur. If adopted by all sides it should provide the basis for the return of the millions of people who fled their homes, and a return to normality. It gives the rebels a say in government at the national and Darfur levels, and provides for a substantial reconstruction package. It also requires the Government of Sudan to build confidence in the Agreement, particularly by disarming the Janjaweed Arab militias. But implementation is slow, also held back by the refusal of other rebel factions to sign it. The UK continues to press both the Government of Sudan and non-signatory rebel groups to commit to the peace agreement for the sake of the people of Darfur. We are urging all parties to renew the political process. Failing to do so would fail the millions of civilians who are suffering the consequences of the conflict in Darfur.
Read more on the situation in Darfur on the DFID website.
UK response to the crisis in Darfur
The UK Government continues to be gravely concerned about the situation in Darfur, now the World’s largest humanitarian crisis. Stopping the violence and civilian protection are the UK’s first priority: attacks on civilians, including rape, burning of villages and destruction of livelihoods must stop immediately. In the long term, only a political process can resolve the current crisis.
On 16 November 2006 the International Development Secretary Hilary Benn attended a UN high-level meeting with the Government of Sudan in Addis Ababa. This meeting agreed a way forward, including the need for:
an immediate and effective ceasefire;
a renewed political process, including bringing the rebel movements who have not signed the DPA into the process; and
increased UN support to the African Union (AU) mission in Darfur, ahead of a joint AU/UN peacekeeping mission with UN command and control structures.
We continue to lobby our international partners at the AU, the UN, including Russia, China and the wider Security Council, and the European Union in a concerted effort to press the Government of Sudan to implement the conclusions of the Addis Ababa meeting.
The UN will provide significant assistance to the AU ceasefire monitoring mission in Sudan (AMIS) in the form of military personnel, police and civilians, plus logistics and aircraft. This will be implemented through a staged approach, which will result in a joint AU-UN operation with command and control structures provided by the UN. We are pressing the AU and UN for rapid and full deployment of the first phase light support package, and the resolution of the outstanding details of the joint AU-UN force, which should see up to 17,000 AU and UN peacekeepers in Darfur.
In the meantime the UK Government continues to support AMIS. The UK was the first cash donor and we have provided over £65 million since its inception. This includes £35 million pledged in 2006/07. From this we are providing significant logistical support to the African Union, including delivery of over 900 vehicles, support for the airlift of Nigerian peacekeepers, and rations packs and maps. We have also provided military planning expertise to the AU and seconded a British observer to the mission. We are also supporting AMIS in its efforts to ensure ordinary Darfuris are aware of the content and benefits of the Darfur Peace Agreement.
We have made clear to the Government of Sudan and the rebels that they will be judged on actions, not just words. If they fail to end the violence; or if they obstruct a political process or deployment of the UN-AU peacekeeping mission, they will face tougher measures, including sanctions. In the Security Council we are pursuing further targeted sanctions against individuals who violate the ceasefire, impede the peace process or commit human rights violations. We are also working to extend the existing UN arms embargo on Darfur to the whole of Sudan. We are taking this forward in New York where we are building on the support we have gained from EU partners.
The destabilising effects of the Darfur conflict in the wider region, in particular Chad, need to be resolved. The UK will continue to work with the UN and other member states to determine how the deployment of a peacekeeping force could best improve security in the region. We take every opportunity to call on the Governments of Chad and Sudan to stop supporting each other’s rebels and fulfil their obligations under the Tripoli agreement.
The UK is the second biggest bilateral humanitarian donor (after the US) in response to the crisis in Darfur. Since April 2004 we have given over £190 million in humanitarian assistance to Sudan.
The British government remains committed to a peaceful and prosperous Sudan. We will continue to play a leading role in international efforts to support work towards a peaceful future for Darfur.
UN response to the Darfur crisis
The UN Security Council (UNSC) passed several key Resolutions (UNSCR), reflecting the UN’s deep concern and its continued commitment to addressing the situation in Darfur, and in the wider Sudan:
Resolution 1590 (24 March 2005) mandates the deployment of up to 10,000 military personnel, plus a civilian component, for a UN Peace Support Operation (UNMIS) to support the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), which ended the civil war between North and South Sudan in January 2005;
Resolution 1591 (29 March 2005) imposes an arms embargo on all parties in Darfur and a travel ban and assets freeze against individuals (to be designated by a Security Council committee) who continue to violate the commitments they have made to end the conflict; and
Resolution 1593 (31 March 2005) refers the situation in Darfur to the International Criminal Court (ICC). This allows the ICC to examine and act on alleged perpetrators of heinous crimes in Darfur, including those identified by the UN International Commission of Inquiry. The ICC began a formal investigation on 6 June. This was the first ever UN Security Council referral to the ICC and marks a historic step in the development of international justice and the fight against impunity for the perpetrators of serious human rights abuses. It is also a major step forward in terms of ending the culture of impunity in Darfur.
Resolution 1672 (25 April 2006) implemented the targeted sanctions mandated by UNSCR 1591. It imposed travel bans and assets freezes on four individuals from all sides to the conflict. Whether sanctions should be extended further – and in what form - is under consideration.
Resolution 1706 (31 August 2006) authorised a peacekeeping force for Darfur. It calls for the deployment of up to 17,300 military personnel and up to 3,300 civilian police in Darfur. It authorises the peacekeeping force to use all necessary means (as defined by Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations) to protect UN personnel, humanitarian workers and civilians, and urge parties to the Darfur Peace Agreement to sign it without delay.
Crimes against humanity: the International Commission of Inquiry and the International Criminal Court
The International Commission of Inquiry (ICI) reported in January 2005, regarding human rights abuses,. It detailed the many atrocities that had taken place in Darfur The Government of Sudan, the Arab militias and the rebels are all guilty of serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law, which may amount to crimes against humanity and/or war crimes. The report also found that the Government of Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocidal intent in Darfur, although a ‘competent court’ will need to decide whether certain individuals have done so. The report also stresses that the crimes which have taken place in Darfur ‘may be no less serious and heinous than genocide’.
The ICI recommended that the situation in Darfur be referred to the International Criminal Court (ICC). The UK co-sponsored UN Security Council Resolution 1593 in March 2005 which gave effect to this recommendation. This was a historic decision: it is the first time that a country situation has been referred to the ICC and sends a loud and clear signal that the culture of impunity is over.
Since then, the ICC has been actively pursuing its investigations. The ICC will continue to have our full support for its activities. It must also have the full and unconditional co-operation of the Government of Sudan. We have made this clear to the authorities in Khartoum.
We have consistently supported action on targeted sanctions through the UN Security Council. UNSC Resolution 1672 imposed targeted sanctions on four individuals from all sides to the conflict. Whether sanctions should be extended further – and in what form - is under consideration.
Southern Sudan
Since the early 1990s there have been a number of unsuccessful attempts to find a peaceful resolution to the civil war in Southern Sudan.
However, in 2002 war-weariness and international pressure finally bought the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to the negotiating table. The peace talks held under the auspices of the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) in Kenya culminated in the signing of the CPA on 9 January 2005.
On 9 January 2005 the Government of Sudan and SPLM signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). This peace agreement is a huge achievement, trying to end more than 20 years of civil war in which more than 2 million people have died and some 4 million have been displaced. This agreement covers the key issues of self-determination for the South and separation between State and religion. It establishes a permanent ceasefire and sets out plans for the disengagement of forces. The parties have also agreed on the structure of Government, including arrangements for power and wealth sharing as well as human rights. The agreement also includes protocols covering governance of three conflict areas outside the historic south - Abyei, the Nuba Mountains (Southern Kordofan) and Blue Nile.
The parties have established a Government of National Unity (GNU) comprising members of the National Congress, SPLM and other northern and southern political forces. The Presidency of the GNU, comprising of President Field Marshall Bashir, First Vice President Garang and Vice President Taha, was sworn in on 9 July 2005, the National Assembly first sat on 1 September 2005 and the formation of the Government of National Unity was announced on 20 September 2005. The GNU includes Ministers from the National Congress Party, the SPLM, the National Democratic Association (NDA) primarily the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP),Umma Party Reform and Renewal (UP R&R), the Umma Party Collective Leadership (UP CL), Democratic Unionist Party (Registered - DUP-R), United Sudanese African Parties (USAP), the United Democratic Salvation Front (UDSF), South Sudan Democratic Forum, and Ansar al-Sunnah. The CPA provided for a devolved Government of Southern Sudan.
Dr John Garang, the First Vice-President and leader of the SPLM/A, was killed in a helicopter accident in Southern Sudan on 30 July 2005. He was succeeded by Lt. Gen. Salva Kiir Mayardit, as First Vice President and President of the Government of Southern Sudan and President of the SPLM.
The new Government is now working to fully implement the terms of the CPA. Under the agreement democratic elections are to be held within four years. The Government of Southern Sudan, which will safeguard the interests of the people of southern Sudan and provide a link with the Government of National Unity, was formed on 22 October 2005. After six and a half years the south will be able to vote on whether or not to remain united with the rest of the country.
Despite the CPA, peace in southern Sudan remains fragile. While the Agreement’s security arrangements are making progress, the presence of other armed groups such as the Lord’s Resistance Army remains a threat to maintaining peace.
The CPA recently celebrated its second anniversary. At this, the new national currency, the Sudanese pound, was launched.
UK efforts in Support of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA)
A joint FCO-DFID Sudan Unit has been in operation since early 2002, reporting directly to both the Foreign Secretary and the Secretary of State for International Development. Through the Sudan Unit and the British Embassy in Khartoum, we played a leading role supporting both the parties and the mediators at the peace talks in Kenya. We are now pressing both sides to ensure that they abide by their commitments and implement and uphold the provisions of the CPA. We do this through the Assessment and Evaluation Commission, tasked with monitoring CPA implementation, and our development partnership.
At the Paris donors' meeting on Sudan on 9-10 March 2006 we pledged at least £200 million in development and other assistance to Sudan over the next two years. Our record is strong. We have already disbursed £110 million of humanitarian and development assistance since the Oslo conference last April. But we also made clear that we expect faster progress on CPA implementation and a significant improvement to the situation in Darfur. UK policy remains centred on the search for peace throughout Sudan including in Darfur
Eastern Sudan
Eastern Sudan has suffered from years of marginalisation and neglect. As such, it is one of the least developed areas in Sudan. In response to this marginalisation a number of rebel groups, formed mainly from the Beja and Rasha’ida tribes (the most populous in the area), have in recent years carried out attacks on Government targets. Although isolated and small scale, these skirmishes had the potential to erupt into a larger-scale conflict.
In order to avoid such an escalation, in August 2006, the Government of Eritrea convened negotiations between the Eastern rebels, known as the Eastern Front (EF), and the Government of Sudan. A peace deal (the Eastern Sudan Peace Agreement, or ESPA) was signed in the capital of Eritrea, Asmara, on 14 October, guaranteeing greater development for Eastern Sudan. We welcome this deal and are pressing the parties to implement it. We are also reviewing what assistance to recovery and development the UK might be able to offer.
ECONOMY
Basic Economic Facts
GDP: US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ 19.6 billion (2004)
GNI per capita: US\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$ 460
Inflation: 9% (2004)
Major Industries: oil and petroleum products, cotton, sesame, groundnuts, gum arabic and sugar
Major trading partners: Japan, China, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Germany, UK, France, Turkey, Egypt
Aid & development: Predominantly relief aid to relieve suffering caused by war and drought
Exchange rate: Sudanese Dinar = 405.062 to £1 at 5 January 2006
In recent years the economic situation has improved with new flows of revenue from oil exports, and agriculture helped by favourable weather. But a lasting and sustained peace is a pre-condition of continued improvement.
The 1990s saw the strongest economic growth in Sudan since independence in 1956. Sudan began implementing IMF macroeconomic reforms that have successfully stabilised inflation. Oil has emerged as the major source of economic growth and revenue for Sudan since 1999. In summer 2005 oil production stands at around 340,000 barrels per day, and is expected to rise to 500,000 barrels per day by the end of the year. Under the wealth sharing protocol of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, revenue from the oil reserves will be distributed equally between the National Government and northern states, and the Government of South Sudan. Agriculture production remains an important sector and expanded at the rate of 8.5% per annum during the last decade.
DEVELOPMENT
UK Development Assistance
About Sudan
Around 35 million people live in Sudan . In 2005 Sudan’s income per capita (GNI) was \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$640 . From 2000-2004, the economy grew at 5-6%, with an increase to 8% in 2005 . The main export from Sudan is oil.
Sudan has had 11 years of peace since independence in 1956. The Government of President Bashir took power through a military coup in 1989. Elections took place in 2000 in Northern Sudan, when the Government was re-elected by an overwhelming majority. However, opposition political parties boycotted the elections, alleging major irregularities and misconduct. Under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), signed in January 2005 by warring parties in the north and south of Sudan, national elections at presidential, parliamentary and state government levels are due over the whole country including the South and Darfur in 2008.
Due to the conflict, statistics are unreliable, and there are gross disparities between the North and the South. In 2000, it was estimated that 150 children out of 1,000 died before the age of 1 in the South compared to 63 in the North. This compares to 6 per 1,000 in the UK .
Enrollment in primary school was estimated to be 60% in the North, but only 20% in the South, compared to 100% in the UK .
Average life expectancy is around 57 years, compared to 79 in the UK .
In 2000, only 15% people in South Sudan have access to improved sanitation.
DFID: Working to reduce poverty in Sudan
In the past 5 years DFID has provided \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$667m in aid to Sudan, out of a total of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$2201m from the international community. In the coming financial year DFID plans to give \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$210m. In Darfur, the UK has been the second largest bilateral donor in Darfur since 2003.
DFID’s programme in Sudan
In 2006/07, DFID assistance was allocated as follows:
Common Humanitarian Fund Contributions
| £35.0m
| Contribution to ICRC and NGOs
| £30.0m
| Support to the humanitarian response in Chad
| £6.0m
| Multi-Donor Trust Fund Contributions
| £17.0m
| Basic Services Fund (South Sudan)
| £4.0m
| Capacity Building in Southern Sudan
| £2.3m
| Governance Support through UNDP
| £5.7m
| Promoting Safety, Security and Access to Justice
| £4.9m
| DDR/SSR
| £0.12m
| Support to the Darfur Peace Agreement
| £1.4m
| Fighting Malaria
| £1.5m
| Support to UNICEF on Water infrastructure and Child Rights
| £0.8m
| Support to local recovery processes
| £1.0m
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| TOTAL DFID
| £109.72m
| Africa Conflict Prevention Pool
| £3.6m
| TOTAL
| £113.32
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Governance and conflict
Poor governance is a cause of poverty. Peace is a pre-condition for good governance. In Darfur, DFID and the FCO are putting pressure on the parties to stop fighting and working to get an effective peacekeeping operation. We are providing support to the key Commissions for implementing the CPA, such as the National Civil Service Commission and the National Judiciary Commission as well as working on longer term reform of the police and justice sector. The Africa Conflict Prevention Pool allocation is focused on supporting Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration programmes in the North and South, as well as promoting Security Sector Reform.
Humanitarian Aid and Access to Basic Services
In Darfur, UN agencies and NGOs are providing emergency shelter, food aid, health care and access to water to 3.6 million conflict-affected people. This population is highly dependent on relief but increased insecurity in Darfur is preventing humanitarian agencies from operating effectively, leaving hundreds of thousands without access to aid. In other parts of Sudan we continue to meet humanitarian needs as well as building longer term capacity. In South Sudan, DFID is supporting an interim Basic Services Fund aimed at financing major NGOs in service provision until the new regional, state and local governments are capable of taking over. The first phase of this programme is designed to benefit over 900,000 people, providing essential services such as training 300 teachers and 270 health sector staff. HIV and AIDS is comparatively low in Sudan, although the UN is undertaking work to try and establish more reliable data. \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$7.8m (North) and \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$8.8m (South) have been provided from the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
Making aid effective
Harmonisation between donors is a high priority for DFID in Sudan. The majority of our support is delivered through pooled funding mechanisms. Two Multi-donor Trust Funds were established to meet priority needs to implement the CPA; one to address national issues, and the other for South Sudan. These are administered by the World Bank and the Government provides \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$2 for every \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\$1 contributed by donors. Most of our humanitarian funding is spent through the multi-donor Common Humanitarian Fund through which the UN targets funding to the most urgent needs. With other donors, DFID supports UNDP through a Strategic Partnership, focusing on promoting good governance and the rule of law in Sudan.
Working with Civil Society
International NGOs are essential partners in Sudan, particularly in the humanitarian response in Darfur and for delivering basic services in the South. We are promoting the ability of national and international NGOs, both national and international, to operate effectively in Sudan.
For more information about DFID’s work in Sudan please visit www.dfid.gov.uk
If you are a journalist and wish to know more about DFID and its work to reduce poverty in Africa please call DFID press office: 0207023 0600.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Sudan is a member of the Arab League, the African Union, the Organisation of Islamic Countries, and was a pioneer member of the Non-Aligned Movement. It plays an active role in all of these organisations. Sudan also has an ongoing dialogue with the EU. The EU/Sudan dialogue deals with five areas: peace, relations with neighbours, terrorism, democratisation and human rights.
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